Condoms are historically the most common forms of contraception apart from outright abstinence. This has meant that religions across the world have had to figure out how to manage their followers' use of this form of birth control. After all, all major religions hold that sex should only be used for procreation which means that using condoms would be the antithesis of what they're preaching when it comes to sex. But there is a difference between the ideal and the reality, so the human leaders of the various churches and religions have had to come to their own conclusions when it comes to the condoning or not condoning of condom use. It generally boils down to thoughts on when a person becomes a person and how the church feels about sex overall. It also depends on how strict the church leader happens to be on the whole thing.
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Generally speaking, the Roman Catholic church is one of the strictest on the use of condoms; the church doesn't condone its use at all, believing that sex should only be used for procreation and not for recreation. This means that this church cannot condone the use of any contraceptive except for abstinence and something called Natural Family Planning; that is, you should only engage in casual sex when you are naturally infertile anyway, such as after menopause. Otherwise it's, you roll your dice and take your chances!
Other churches almost have an 'if we can't prove it, we can't get you for it' attitude. The Orthodox Christians leave contraception to the adults to deal with, while for Protestants, the use of condoms is left up to each church leader. When we look at the religions other than Christianity, we see some similar views. Islam for example holds that any contraceptive is acceptable so long as it doesn't damage the embryo or the woman's health-so condoms are actually preferred! Buddhism holds that while the more people the better (since people are encourage to reach 'Nirvana' and the more the better), before there is a person in sex (ie, before fertilisation) all bets are on-in other words, condoms are fine to use while things like Morning after Pills are discouraged. Even Sikhs hold that while casual sex isn't desirable, the family should be allowed to determine how many children they want to have, so the use of condoms is tolerated if not encouraged.
Where all religions do come to a meeting point though is in the use of condoms outside of marriage; this is strictly forbidden as sex between two unmarried adults is considered sinful. Even condom use to protect against STDs is prohibited; the major world religions all agree that sex before marriage is a sin, so it should be irrelevant whether you have an STD or not.
It is interesting however how most of the churches in the world have had to deal with the reality that their parishioners do have sex just for fun and still need a way to protect themselves. Among the churches that don't just have a blanket ban on sex for reasons other than baby making, condoms are the preferred method of contraception because they create an environment where there are no embryos to worry about in the first place. They are also safe, effective, and cheap, so they are very useful for a church to answer with when faced with the reality of more and more extramarital and casual sex in the world. In short, most churches find it hard to condone such a useful tool in dealing with the realities of the sexual natures of their followers.
Organizations begin with goals. People form into groups or organizations for a purpose. This formation may take place because one individual, an entrepreneur, has a vision of a new product or service to bring to the market and she recruits others to help her accomplish that goal. Or the organization may be based on the congruence of desires or interest of a number of individuals who band together to achieve their goal. Whatever the stimulus, the core of the organization is its goal.
Organizations are simply social inventions for accomplishing tasks or goals. Everyone is familiar with organizations because we live in them from the day we are born. Common examples are families, schools, churches, and clubs. People create organizations because they realize that they can magnify their own abilities by working with others towards common objectives. Once people come together in groups, tasks must be differentiated and labor divided. Specialization and division of labor has two benefits; it permits the optimal use of group members' abilities thus playing to their strengths; and it avoids redundancy of labor by clearly delineating who does what. The resulting structure, however, requires coordination of effort. It also becomes clear that results are more likely to be achieved if someone is in charge of keeping the group moving towards Naperville churches its goal. Then the essence of management is born. Today's most complex organizations reflect these essential building blocks.
The primacy of goals to organizations is clear; we hear them espouse goals every day. Pro football teams strive to win the Super Bowl and baseball teams the World Series. A political party in power has the goal of remaining there, while the minority party has the goal of claiming power for itself. NASA accomplished its goal of putting an American astronaut on the moon, and Lee Iacocca reached his goal of turning Chrysler Corporation around.
Goals are a person's or an organization's desired state of affairs; they are wishes people and organizations have about where or what they want to be at some future time. Goals have traditionally been closely linked to organizational effectiveness; the degree to which an organization attains its goals is, in the judgment of many analysts, a measure of its effectiveness.
Goals possess four general functions:
1. They provide direction to the activities of individuals and groups;
2. They shape how organizations plan and organize their activities;
3. They are used to motivate people to perform at high levels;
4. They form the basis for evaluating and controlling organizational activities.
It is precisely because of their multiple uses, and the different activities they lead to, that the subject of goals constitutes one of the most complex and controversial topics in management. Given the variety of uses of goals, consensus about an organization's goal is highly important to that organization. But such consensus rarely exists. This lack of agreement constitutes just one of the problems involved in grappling with organizational goals. Some of the shortcomings of the goals approach have lead researchers to devise alternative approaches to the study of organizations.
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